Conservation of the Barabati Fort, Cuttack and its context through Heritage Byelaws

Abstract

Historic cities are unique organic morphology which is an amalgamation of cultural, historical, socio-economical aspect which shapes the way of life. It refers to its historical nature, as it largely determines the historical character of the city. These cities often have well preserved or restored landmarks, buildings and infrastructure that provide insight into the past. These cities which remained essential during different reigns mostly functioned as the seat of power for rulers, trade centers and places of inhabitation for common people with religious importance. Each historic city has a place which acts towards regulating administrative work and performs as the center of power which protects and works towards development of the city, such as, Forts or Fortresses. Forts, as enduring symbols of power, resilience, and architectural prowess, hold a significant place in the historical narrative of many cities around the world. Within the context of historic cities, forts not only serve as tangible markers of a region's past but also as living repositories of cultural heritage, embodying the collective memory and identity of communities that have thrived within or around their protective walls. This thesis examines Cuttack as an example of a historic city which became capital during 13th CE, where Barabati Fort served as an important structure and landmark which controlled the political, administrative, economic and military power, thus allowing the city to be known as important place in the past. To reinforce the study, primary and secondary surveys were conducted. Primary surveys included identification, mapping, photographs and interviews. The city was an important riverine port and was known for its impenetrable location. Thus, the thesis is further analyzed by exploring different layers of the city with respect to Barabati Fort, such as various rulers, their contributions, built and natural heritage, settlements, connectivity and protection status. The city served as a capital from 13th-15th CE, i.e., during Eastern Gangas, Gajapatis, Bhois and Chalukya rule, where during this period Barabati fort served the purpose of residential, administrative and military activities. Later during Afghans, Mughals, Marathas and iv British rule the city served as the administrative headquarter, which in turn brought changes and development both in the city and in the fort. Thus, the study takes a deep account into evolution of the city and how the fort played a significant part in the identification of Cuttack. Based on site research and challenges, it is evident that the city with rich heritage resources is being neglected in many areas thus marking and mapping of such areas and structures are necessary to take appropriate action. After a comprehensive identification of areas with existing built heritage, the study narrows its focus on the Barabati Fort and its precincts. As the oldest surviving archaeological site, dating back to the 13th century, Barabati Fort plays a crucial role in preserving the identity and historical legacy of Cuttack city. Its significance lies in marking the origins and continuous existence of the city from the medieval period onward. The outcome of the study emphasizes the development of heritage byelaws for Barabati Fort and its surrounding context. These byelaws aim to conserve the tangible link to Cuttack's rich history and cultural heritage, safeguarding the fort from the impacts of rapid urbanization, which has led to encroachments in the area. By delineating buffer zones and regulating development activities in the fort's vicinity, the byelaws will help preserve the fort's integrity and protect it from the adverse effects of urban growth. This will ensure the protection of valuable historical and archaeological assets that contribute to the city's identity and sense of place. Keywords: Cuttack, Barabati Fort, Heritage Bye-la