Assessing Socio-Spatial Impacts of Dam Operations on Downstream Areas: a case of Omkareshwar Dam

Abstract

River dams play a pivotal role in providing essential services such as irrigation, power generation, and flood control. The Narmada River, originating from Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh, sustains numerous districts and communities within its vast basin. Among its notable projects is the Omkareshwar Dam, a multipurpose structure completed in 2007 with a capacity of 520MW of electricity generation. Situated in the culturally and religiously significant Khandwa district, the dam holds significance for the region. This thesis investigates the socio-spatial impacts of dam operations, particularly focusing on downstream areas affected by the Omkareshwar Dam. Through this analysis, the aim is to develop mitigation measures to address the adverse effects on downstream communities and the environment. The research methodology integrates a thorough literature review with quantitative and qualitative analyses. Qualitative methods, including interviews, stakeholder consultations, and focus group discussions, are employed to identify key issues, implementation challenges, and proposed strategies. Additionally, international best practices and technologies are assessed through case studies to determine their suitability within the local context. The findings culminate in a series of proposed mitigation measures and policy recommendations to alleviate the negative impacts of dam operations in downstream areas. These include maintaining environmental flow, installing warning signage, deploying floating barriers, regulating dam water discharge, constructing embankments, promoting crop diversification, raising awareness about crop insurance schemes, implementing a mass alert system, and adhering to NGT guidelines. Moreover, the study aims to provide insights into the intricate socio-spatial dynamics influenced by dam operations, fostering a deeper understanding of the relationship between infrastructure development and societal well-being. By offering actionable measures and policy interventions, the thesis aims to facilitate informed decision-making processes and promote sustainable development practices in river basin management.