Conservation strategies based on architectural knowledge systems associated with terracotta temples in Bengal

Abstract

The prominence of terracotta as a building material in Bengal is well justified by its geographical location. The architectural knowledge system associated with terracotta can be comprehended in the typology of the built structures as they act as texts to interpret the knowledge. The history of Bengal has witnessed the influence of several rulers in developing the architectural vocabulary of the region. This metamorphosis of the architectural knowledge systems in the region includes the Bhakti movement, the Islamic influence, and the British rule which led to the evolution of the use of terracotta from decorative elements to structural elements in present-day context. This thesis intends to develop an understanding about terracotta as a building material, its use in a built structure, the common problems associated with terracotta construction and the techniques of maintenance, repair, and conservation. This thesis also explores the size, shape, and geometry of the material and its varied use in temples in the region. The significance of the surviving temples lies in the uniqueness of the Bengal Temple Architecture as compared to the temples in northern India. They represent the tastes and refinement of the patrons of that period and also their love for terracotta art. The use of terracotta as a surface embellishment material with brick or laterite stone being the structural framework was concentrated majorly to the religious structures. Majority of terracotta temple structures in the districts of West Bengal lie in neglect and unprotected. More focus is given to the temple town of Bishnupur in context to protection, tourism promotion, whereas there are many other towns which have the potential to develop a tourist destination. It also takes into note that the use of terracotta was concentrated majorly to religious structures and not in the settlements of the common people. And the architectural style of temples and mosques of Bengal is hugely influenced by the houses of the common.