Spatial justice for informal economics: a case Nishatganj and Mahanagar

Abstract

Informality is a defining feature of urban life in the Global South. In India, a significant portion of urban residents live, work and thrive outside formal planning and economic systems. Despite contributing to the city's economy, informal workers and settlements are often spatially marginalised and excluded from urban development frameworks. We consider informality not as a separate sector but as a mode of urbanisation- one that is selectively tolerated, criminalised or formalised based on power dynamics. They often dwell in the “grey spaces” of the urban environments. This thesis explores how urban design can act as a mediator to integrate informal economies into the planned urban framework, enhancing livability and economic equity. The thesis draws on the theories of urban informality (Ananya Roy, 2005), tactical urbanism (Mike Lydon and Anthony Garcia, 2015), and grey spaces (Oren Yiftachel, 2009), along with the concepts of spatial justice (Edward Soja, 2010) and right to the city (Henri Lefebvre, 1968). It helps examine how informal economies shape urban spaces, redefine public-private boundaries, and resist marginalisation through adaptive strategies. Lucknow, a tier-2 Indian city, exemplifies rapid urbanisation intertwined with traditional economic and social systems, particularly in dynamic neighbourhoods like Nishatganj and Mahanagar. Nishatganj is a riverside transit corridor characterised by informal settlements, small-scale markets and transport-based livelihoods. Mahanagar, a mixed residential-commercial precinct, features high pedestrian activity and a dense informal economy surrounding formal markets like Gol Market. Both areas represent spatial and socio-economic diversity, making them ideal sites for studying informal economies and testing inclusive urban design strategies. Major issues in the precinct involve unregulated informal vending, pedestrianvehicular conflict and lack of proper infrastructure for street vendors. Poor waste management, underutilised edge zones, and growing informal settlements are points of growing concern. The methodology of the thesis begins with a comprehensive understanding of the topic, supported by a literature review of key theoretical frameworks which inform the analytical lens through which informality is studied. Following the site selection, data collection is conducted through two mediums- primary study and secondary study. All collected data is fed into mappings essential for identifying issues and patterns. These findings are synthesised in an issues and potentials identification, which culminates in a structure plan, followed by design strategies and final interventions. This sequential framework ensures a grounded, context-sensitive approach to urban design. Together they reimagine the precinct as a more equitable, adaptable and productive urban landscape where informal economies are not just accommodated but celebrated as an integral part of the city. Keywords: Informal, Commercial, Congestion, Spatial Justice, Urban Design