Abstract:
The rapid expansion of online food delivery services has increased reliance on two-wheeler vehicles (2W) for last-mile logistics, raising concerns about fuel costs, emissions, and sustainability. While electric two-wheelers (2W-EVs) are seen as a greener alternative to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, limited research has examined their feasibility and environmental impact in food delivery operations. Most existing studies focus on EV adoption in general logistics, with little emphasis on food delivery-specific challenges such as charging infrastructure, operational costs, and lifecycle emissions. This study aims to bridge this gap by analyzing food delivery demand patterns, operational factors influencing 2W-EV adoption, total cost of ownership (TCO), and lifecycle emissions of 2W-EVs versus ICE vehicles in Lucknow. A mixed-method approach, including primary surveys with delivery personnel and logistics firms, traffic volume counts, and secondary data analysis, was used to assess vehicle movement trends, costs, and emissions. Findings reveal that food delivery demand is concentrated in commercial hubs, with ICE vehicles preferred due to refuelling convenience, though EV adoption is influenced by cost savings and regulatory incentives. While 2W-EVs show lower operational costs, challenges such as high upfront costs and inadequate charging infrastructure hinder their widespread adoption. Lifecycle emissions analysis confirms that 2W-EVs significantly reduce carbon footprints compared to ICE vehicles, though environmental benefits depend on battery production and electricity sources. The study underscores the need for policy interventions, improved charging infrastructure, and financial incentives to enhance 2W-EV adoption in food delivery, offering insights for urban planners, policymakers, and businesses aiming for sustainable last-mile logistics.
